Archive for d’abril 2022

<p> <span style="color: rgba(22, 35, 88, 0.99); font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.4px; text-align: center;">El present article és la primera part d'una sèrie d'almenys tres treballs sobre l'actual debat entre les teories del decreixement i l’acceleracionisme. Totes dues propostes teòriques han estat abraçades per diversos sectors de l'esquerra europea, amb les quals intenten respondre a la crisi civilitzatoria dels nostres dies, transversalitzada per desastres ecològics, pandèmics, econòmics, etc. El problema és que cada teoria resulta antitètica per a l'altra.</span></p><div><div class="hfeed site" id="page" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #282828; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="site-content" id="content" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ast-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="content-area primary" id="primary" style="border: 0px; 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--flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-family: merriweather, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); line-height: 2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="has-drop-cap" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mentre el decreixement planteja disminuir el ritme econòmic de la societat capitalista,  l’acceleracionisme proposa incrementar-lo més enllà dels límits que el capital imposa a les forces productives. No obstant això, i per tal de contextualitzar, en aquest primer lliurament em concentraré en exposar breument els orígens de cada teoria, així com algunes claus sobre els seus principis i les propostes desenvolupades en l’actualitat.</p><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--ast-global-color-2); font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.73333rem; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orígens del concepte decreixement</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></h2><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">El concepte de decreixement sorgeix com a resposta a importants evidències científiques sobre l’imminent col·lapse ambiental previst per al segle XXI. A la segona meitat del segle passat, el Club de Roma va comissionar un estudi realitzat per un equip de recerca científica de l’Institut de Tecnologia de Massachusetts, amb la finalitat de determinar la relació del sistema econòmic amb els recursos finits del planeta i el seu impacte sobre el medi ambient. El resultat, producte dels més sofisticats models computacionals de l’època, va veure llum el 1972 mitjançant l’informe titulat «Els límits del creixement», va ser contundent: de mantenir-se l’actual taxa de creixement econòmic utilitzant els finits recursos naturals, en alguna de les dècades del segle següent es produiria un col·lapse ambiental.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">És en aquest context que se li atribueix al filòsof francès André Gorz el terme <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Décroissance</em>, encunyat el mateix any de la publicació de l’informe del club de Roma, en el marc d’un cicle de conferències realitzat a París per a afrontar la problemàtica ecològica global producte del creixement econòmic. (Ruiz Marrero, 2013). No obstant això, hi ha qui atribueix el concepte a la traducció francesa de l’obra «La llei de l’entropia» (1979) de l’ecologista romanès Georgescu Roegen, (Latouche, Harpagés, 2011). En qualsevol cas, el concepte apareix originalment al cercle de la naixent economia ecològica francesa, a la segona meitat del segle XX, com a alternativa davant l’escenari mediambiental de l’època i el vaticinat per a la nostra. No obstant això, no serà fins a inicis de la dècada dels dos mil que es construirà un projecte polític col·lectiu sota aquest concepte, amb la creació del Moviment pel Decreixement. A partir d’aquest moment, el terme serà emprat sense problema per ecologistes anticapitalistes, no sols francesos, sinó de tota Europa. La teoria del decreixement ha estat des de llavors un aspecte central en la crítica ecològica d’esquerres a Europa des de finals dels noranta, representada per importants intel·lectuals eco-crítics que s’han convertit en autors clàssics sobre el tema, com el francès Serge Latouche o els espanyols Martinez Alier i Carlos Taibo.</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-full" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 50px 0px 75px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-23509 lazy loaded" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx.jpg" data-srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-277x160.jpg 277w" data-was-processed="true" height="590" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx.jpg" srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/monumento_karl_marx-277x160.jpg 277w" style="border-radius: inherit; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="1024" /></figure><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--ast-global-color-2); font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.73333rem; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orígens del concepte «</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">eleracionism</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">e»</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></h2><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Per la seva banda, el terme acceleracionisme apareix el 1967 quan l’escriptor nord-americà Roger Zelazny, a la seva novel·la «El senyor de la llum» crida «aceleracionistes» a un grup de revolucionaris que volen portar a la societat a un desenvolupament superior a partir d’avançades tecnologies. No obstant això, el seu ús pròpiament polític sorgeix amb la recepció anglesa de l’obra «<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">L’Anti-Œdipe»</em>, dels filòsofs francesos Deleuze i Guattari, per part d’un grup d’intel·lectuals de la universitat de Warwick que es pren molt seriosament la idea segons la qual la superació del capitalisme ha d’«anar encara més lluny (…) en el moviment del mercat (…) per a accelerar el procés» (Deleuze i Guattari, 1972). Aquesta recepció no sorgeix fins a la dècada dels noranta mitjançant les aportacions, entre d’altres, del filòsof Nick Land, un dels grans referents de l’acceleracionisme, encara que en la seva versió dretana.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">L’acceleracionisme d’esquerres, tal com se’l coneix avui dia, neix l’any 2013 amb el Manifest acceleracionista dels acadèmics anglesos Nick Srnicek i Alex Williams. En aquest treball es produeix una ruptura amb  l’acceleracionisme reaccionari de Nick Land i la seva teoria capitalista de la velocitat. El reconeixement del Manifest com a fundador de  l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres en la seva ruptura amb el de dretes és pràcticament un consens entre els acceleracionistes anglesos. De fet, Mackay (2014) afirma que: «el que ha tingut lloc és una ruptura entre aquest aceleracionisme de dretes [el de Land] i  l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres de Srnicek i Williams». Dos anys més tard de la publicació del Manifest aceleracionista els autors aprofundeixen i amplien les seves tesis al llibre «Inventar el futur: post-capitalisme i un món sense treball», al qual abandonen el terme acceleracionisme, probablement per a no ser interpretats des de la tradició neoliberal d’aquest concepte. Finalment cal esmentar el famós Comunisme de Luxe totalment Automatitzat (FALC, per les seves sigles en anglès), de l’escriptor britànic Aaron Bastani, que abans que un simple llibre, s’ha convertit en una proposta despersonalitzada i que han abraçat una multiplicitat d’ acceleracionistes actuals. Així queda fundat l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres, sobre el qual s’alcen les aportacions contemporànies a Europa.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Havent revisat succintament els orígens de totes dues teories, m’atreveixo a dir que existeix una percepció generalitzada que considera el decreixement com una teoria legítimament d’esquerres, mentre que l’acceleracionisme encara es disputa aquesta legitimitat en el camp de la política. D’acord amb els seus antecedents no és molt difícil endevinar el perquè d’aquesta percepció. Mentre el decreixement sorgeix com a alternativa al creixement del capital sobre la base dels recursos finits del planeta, l’acceleracionisme oscil·la entre la imaginació ficticia de l’ús social de la ciència per una banda, i la recepció anglesa, típicament pragmàtica, de teories post-marxistes per l’altra. Mentre la primera sembla respondre a un problema material, la segona es presenta com una aposta teòrica. Tanmateix, això no evita que totes dues teories s’enfrontin a Europa com dues alternatives que s’oposen al mode de producció capitalista.</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-full" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 50px 0px 75px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-23505 lazy loaded" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC.jpg" data-srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-277x160.jpg 277w" data-was-processed="true" height="590" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC.jpg" srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/FALC-277x160.jpg 277w" style="border-radius: inherit; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="1024" /></figure><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A continuació intentaré resumir algunes consideracions generals al voltant dels principis i propostes generals de cada teoria, que obriran el camí per a comprendre el debat.</p><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--ast-global-color-2); font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.73333rem; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Principis i propostes del decreixement</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></h2><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bàsicament, el decreixement defensa la idea que s’ha de reduir la producció i el consum fins a nivells que assegurin la supervivència de la vida humana al planeta. Per a això és condició necessària oposar-se a les idees dominants de desenvolupament i de creixement pròpies del capitalisme. El decreixement és, al cap i a la fi, l’antítesi del creixement econòmic. Per això diu el teòric espanyol Carlos Taibo (2019) que «si pertot arreu se’ns diu que, en el terreny de l’economia, hem de créixer –amb resultats majoritàriament nefastos–, nosaltres ens inclinem orgullosament per reivindicar, de manera franca, el contrari». No obstant això, des del decreixement s’aclareix que, «no es tracta, clar, de portar a zero els nivells de producció i de consum», sinó de «restaurar els equilibris amb el medi natural que la industrialització, la urbanització i el colonialisme han trencat» (Taibo, 2019). És a dir, es tracta de recompondre el metabolisme ésser humà-naturalesa fracturat per la indústria capitalista. Pot semblar que la teoria del decreixement es constitueix principalment per l’aspecte ecològic de la crítica. No obstant això, no és necessàriament així, almenys en els últims anys. En la proposta actual del decreixement destaca, sobretot, una reivindicació de la vida social front la mena de vida obstinadament marcada per la productivitat, la competitivitat i l’hiper-consum. Sobre la base d’aquesta proposta coincideix la més variada pluralitat d’interessos socioeconòmics, polítics, acadèmics i fins i tot personals. Així ho afirmen els autors d’un dels llibres recopilatoris més complets, variats i amplis sobre aquest tema: «Decreixement: un vocabulari per a una nova era», on els seus autors asseguren que al decreixement s’hi poden acostar des dels que lluiten contra el productivisme desenfrenat, passant pels que busquen alternatives a un col·lapse econòmic, fins a aquells als qui el concepte els resulta coherent amb la seva forma de vida (D’Allisa, et al, 2018). A més, tal com revelen les col·laboracions que composen el cos del text, a diferència dels anys inicials del moviment decreixentista, conformat pràcticament per l’ecologisme europeu, als nostres dies conflueixen diverses disciplines teòriques i militants de tot el món, incloent Amèrica Llatina, entre les quals es compten, entre d’altres, el marxisme i el neo-marxisme, l’economia ecològica, el cooperativisme, l’antiutilitarisme, etc.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Les principals propostes del decreixement poden sintetitzar-se en els següents punts:</p><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="a"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La primacia de la vida social contra el ritme frenètic de l’híper-consum, la producció i la competència.</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reducció de la jornada laboral</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">L’oci creatiu enfront de l’oci vinculat amb el consum i els diners</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reducció de la mida de les infraestructures de transport, productives i administratives</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">La recuperació d’experiències locals, enfront de la lògica de la globalització.</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Creació d’una Renda Bàsica Universal</li></ul><figure class="wp-block-image size-full" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 50px 0px 75px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-23507 lazy loaded" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth.jpg" data-srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-277x160.jpg 277w" data-was-processed="true" height="590" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth.jpg" srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/degrowth-uneven-earth-277x160.jpg 277w" style="border-radius: inherit; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="1024" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 14px;">Font: Unevenearth.org</figcaption></figure><h2 style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: var(--ast-global-color-2); font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 1.73333rem; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Principis i propostes de</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">l</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">’</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">celeracionism</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 26px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></h2><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">L’acceleracionisme parteix de la premissa que la tecnologia, la ciència i les forces productives en general no són productes irremeiablement lligats al capitalisme. No és aquest mode de producció l’absolut responsable del seu desenvolupament. Ans al contrari, «el capitalisme ha començat a reprimir les forces productives de la tecnologia o, almenys, a dirigir-les cap a fins absurdament limitats» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013). Del que es tractaria llavors és d’accelerar el desenvolupament tecnològic més enllà dels límits que ha imposat la lògica del capital. En altres paraules, el desenvolupament tecnològic tan sols és possible fora del marc capitalista, perquè dins d’ell ja està reprimit i subjecte als seus fins predeterminats. És per això que «els aceleracionistes volen alliberar les forces productives latents» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013) i reorientar-les cap a objectius post-capitalistes. El caràcter global, expansiu i hegemònic del capitalisme contemporani exigeix que l’esquerra ambicioni estratègies hegemòniques i planetàries per a poder ser una alternativa post-capitalista. Per a això és condició necessària l’ús de la plataforma tecnològica i científica del neoliberalisme. És per això que per a l’acceleracionisme «la base material del neoliberalisme no necessita ser destruïda, necessita ser transformada» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013). L’acceleracionisme considera que la fi del treball assalariat no es produirà des de les resistències obreres a les fàbriques, tal com ha sostingut el paradigma socialista fins al moment. Més aviat, la fi del treball ha d’aconseguir-se accelerant la tendència actualment irreversible: l’automatització i robotització del món del treball, però amb el plus qualitatiu d’estar reorientada per una consciència teleològica post-capitalista.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aquesta premissa suposa una crítica d’entrada de l’acceleracionisme a tota l’esquerra tradicional, el funcionament de la qual segueix estant sota el paradigma del que Srnicek i Williams anomenen polítiques folk: accions immediates, merament reactives, d’abast estrictament local i incapaces de transformar el capitalisme (Srnicek, Williams, 2015). Si la dominació i efectes del capitalisme contemporani són abstractes i desterritorialitzats, no se’ls pot transformar amb accions immediates i localitzades, sinó amb respostes sistèmiques i abstractes. Per això, l’esquerra contemporània està destinada a fracassar en la seva lluita anticapitalista. En aquest sentit, per a l’acceleracionisme els programes polítics del socialisme del segle XX i el que va del XXI han estat incapaços de superar el capitalisme perquè han eludit l’exigència acceleracionista de l’ús de la tecnologia per a fins post-capitalistes. Sobre la base d’aquest argument, es funda la proposta d’un «Comunisme de Luxe Totalment Automatitzat». Aquest projecte només és possible si l’esquerra recupera el seu impuls utòpic d’avançar prospectivament cap a una societat sense treball en maximitzar la robotització plena de totes les àrees productives de la societat. Per a això és necessari que l’esquerra capitalitzi el desenvolupament tecnològic, actualment en mans del capital, i el reorienti cap a la satisfacció plena de totes les necessitats socials. El comunisme, llavors, no arribarà aguditzant les contradiccions socials, sinó accelerant la tendència potencial i actual de la tecnologia en funció del bé comú.</p><figure class="wp-block-image size-full" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 50px 0px 75px;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-23504 lazy loaded" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace.jpg" data-srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-277x160.jpg 277w" data-was-processed="true" height="590" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace.jpg" srcset="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace.jpg 1024w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-300x173.jpg 300w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-768x443.jpg 768w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-600x346.jpg 600w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-306x176.jpg 306w, https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/sovietspace-277x160.jpg 277w" style="border-radius: inherit; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="1024" /></figure><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Segons el programa acceleracionista que Srnicek i Williams presenten al seu llibre «Inventar el futur», i que subscriuen altres sectors d’aquest corrent, les propostes concretes de l’acceleracionisme es poden resumir en quatre punts:</p><ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Automatització plena</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reducció de la setmana laboral</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Provisió d’un ingrés únic mínim</li><li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Desmantellament de l’ètica del treball</li></ul><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">El decreixement i l’acceleracionisme són teories que s’oposen naturalment, segons els seus principis. Als fonaments del decreixement es pressuposa una discussió no explícita amb els principis acceleracionistes, i viceversa. No obstant això, durant els últims anys, caracteritzats per un pertorbador escenari ecocrític i pandèmic, els desacords tàcits s’han tornat cada vegada més explícits, fins a convertir-se en un dels eixos centrals del debat dins de diversos sectors de l’esquerra europea. En la següent part d’aquest treball, em dedicaré a rastrejar la situació actual d’aquest debat, els seus principals punts de discussió, així com els intents de complementació que, pel que sembla, és possible si es tenen en compte alguns dels punts de les propostes de totes dues teories.</p><hr class="wp-block-separator" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: solid; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100px;" /><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Referències bibliogràfiques</span></p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ruiz Marrero (2013), <a href="https://www.alainet.org/es/articulo/80697" style="border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Los límites del crecimiento, ayer y hoy</a></p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Latouche, S y Harpagés (2011), La hora del decrecimiento, Octaedro, Barcelona.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Srnicek, N., Williams, A (2013) <a href="https://studylib.es/doc/5358230/manifiesto-aceleracionista" style="border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">Manifiesto por una política aceleracionista (PDF)</a></p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Srnicek, N., Williams, A (2015), Inventar el futuro: postcapitalismo y un mundo sin trabajo, Malpaso, Barcelona.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mackay (2014), <a href="http://xn--mackay%20%282014%29%2C%20el%20vrtigo%20aceleracionista%20%28entrevista%29%20https-5bh//lab.cccb.org/es/el-vertigo-aceleracionista-ii-entrevista-a-robin-mackay/" style="border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;">El vértigo aceleracionista (entrevista)</a></p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Taibo, C. (2019) El decrecimiento explicado con sencillez, Catarata, Madrid.</p><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">D’Alisa, et al (2018), Decrecimiento: un vocabulario para la nueva era, Icaria, Heinrich, México.</p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cbaaded elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="cbaaded" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 1px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 29px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"></span></div></div></div><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3abaf0d newslet elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="3abaf0d" id="news" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); order: var(--order); position: relative; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1140px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-72231fa" data-element_type="column" data-id="72231fa" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; background-color: #00a6b6; border-radius: 6px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 30px 60px 25px; position: relative; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4bb0920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="widget" data-id="4bb0920" data-widget_type="heading.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 743.26px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: white; font-family: merriweather, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.4px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h3></div></div></div></div></div></section><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-344c6f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-element_type="widget" data-id="344c6f6" data-widget_type="heading.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 863.26px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: merriweather, sans-serif; font-size: 52px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></h4></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-af2cb79" data-element_type="column" data-id="af2cb79" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 322.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 322.427px;"><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f92ac7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-sticky elementor-sticky--active elementor-section--handles-inside elementor-sticky--effects" data-element_type="section" data-id="f92ac7d" data-settings="{"sticky_on":["desktop"],"sticky_offset":25,"sticky":"top","sticky_parent":"yes","sticky_effects_offset":0}" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); bottom: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; order: var(--order); padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 282.427px; z-index: 0;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1140px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-28c38e0" data-element_type="column" data-id="28c38e0" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b247f7d elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="b247f7d" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 0px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 23px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6abfb90 elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="6abfb90" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 0px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 23px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-da9b0d3 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-boxed elementor-share-buttons--align-justify elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" data-element_type="widget" data-id="da9b0d3" data-widget_type="share-buttons.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --alignment: justify; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --grid-column-gap: 0px; --grid-row-gap: 0px; --grid-side-margin: 0px; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align-last: var(--alignment,inherit); text-align: var(--alignment,inherit); vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-grid" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--grid-row-gap)); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px; word-spacing: var(--grid-column-gap);"><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #3b5998; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-facebook" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en facebook</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1da1f2; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #1da1f2; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-twitter" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en twitter</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #25d366; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #25d366; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-whatsapp" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en whatsapp</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2ca5e0; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #2ca5e0; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-telegram" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en telegram</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ea4335; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #ea4335; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-envelope" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en email</span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8a3e26d elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="8a3e26d" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; 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width: 282.417px;"><article class="ee-post sticky post-23561 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry temes-cultura-catarsi ast-article-single" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-color: rgba(84, 89, 95, 0.14); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: default; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 0%; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; transform: translateZ(0px); width: 282.417px;"><a class="ee-media ee-post__media" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/los-olvidados-la-configuracio-sensible-dallo-material/" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px -40px; order: 1; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 0;"><div class="ee-post__media__thumbnail ee-media__thumbnail" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease-out; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large lazy loaded" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/olvidados-768x444.jpg" data-was-processed="true" height="444" loading="lazy" src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/olvidados-768x444.jpg" style="border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; object-fit: cover; vertical-align: middle; width: 280.417px;" width="768" /></div><div class="ee-post__media__overlay ee-media__overlay" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 0.1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease-out; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></a><div class="ee-post__body ee-post__area" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 0 auto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; order: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="ee-post__terms" style="align-items: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 1px -6px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="ee-post__terms__term ee-term ee-term--cultura-catarsi" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; 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--align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 1px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: -33.8854px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 13px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7e563e3 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-boxed elementor-share-buttons--align-justify elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" data-element_type="widget" data-id="7e563e3" data-widget_type="share-buttons.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --alignment: justify; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --grid-column-gap: 0px; --grid-row-gap: 0px; --grid-side-margin: 0px; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align-last: var(--alignment,inherit); text-align: var(--alignment,inherit); vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-grid" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--grid-row-gap)); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.417px; word-spacing: var(--grid-column-gap);"><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #3b5998; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-facebook" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en facebook</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1da1f2; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #1da1f2; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-twitter" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en twitter</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #25d366; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #25d366; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-whatsapp" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en whatsapp</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2ca5e0; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #2ca5e0; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-telegram" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en telegram</span></span></div></div> <div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ea4335; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #ea4335; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-envelope" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Compartició en email</span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f92ac7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-sticky elementor-sticky__spacer" data-element_type="section" data-id="f92ac7d" data-settings="{"sticky_on":["desktop"],"sticky_offset":25,"sticky":"top","sticky_parent":"yes","sticky_effects_offset":0}" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); order: var(--order); padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none 0s ease 0s; visibility: hidden; width: 282.427px; z-index: 0;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1140px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-28c38e0" data-element_type="column" data-id="28c38e0" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b247f7d elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="b247f7d" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 0px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 23px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6abfb90 elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="6abfb90" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 0px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 23px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-da9b0d3 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-boxed elementor-share-buttons--align-justify elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" data-element_type="widget" data-id="da9b0d3" data-widget_type="share-buttons.default" style="--align-content: initial; 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position: relative; text-align-last: var(--alignment,inherit); text-align: var(--alignment,inherit); vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-grid" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--grid-row-gap)); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px; word-spacing: var(--grid-column-gap);"><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #3b5998; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); 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background-color: #1da1f2; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-twitter" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; 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border-color: rgba(84, 89, 95, 0.14); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: default; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 0%; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; transform: translateZ(0px); width: 282.427px;"><a class="ee-media ee-post__media" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/la-guerra-i-lesquerra-i/" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px -40px; order: 1; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 0;"><div class="ee-post__media__thumbnail ee-media__thumbnail" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease-out; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large lazy" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/7004695771_9c1e55b14e_k-1-768x444.jpg" height="444" loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20768%20444'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; object-fit: cover; vertical-align: middle; width: 280.427px;" width="768" /></div><div class="ee-post__media__overlay ee-media__overlay" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; mix-blend-mode: normal; opacity: 0.1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease-out; vertical-align: baseline;"></div></a><div class="ee-post__body ee-post__area" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 0 auto; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; order: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 24px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="ee-post__terms" style="align-items: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 1px -6px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="ee-post__terms__term ee-term ee-term--socialisme" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 25px -18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"><a class="ee-post__terms__link ee-term__link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/temes/socialisme/" style="background-color: #9f5696; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 5px 20px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"></a></li></ul><a class="ee-post__title" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/la-guerra-i-lesquerra-i/" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; display: block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="ee-post__title__heading" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #152559; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"></h2></a><div class="ee-post__metas ee-post__metas--has-metas" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9f5696; display: flex; flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="ee-post__metas__list display--" style="align-items: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="ee-post__meta ee-post__meta--author" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: -0.4px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"><a href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/autor/marcello-musto/" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7f3d89; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline; zoom: 1;"></a></li></ul></div></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-757d880 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="757d880" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 1px; --divider-color: #eaeaea; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px 0px 20px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: -33.8854px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 13px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"></span></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7e563e3 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-boxed elementor-share-buttons--align-justify elementor-hidden-phone elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" data-element_type="widget" data-id="7e563e3" data-widget_type="share-buttons.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --alignment: justify; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --grid-column-gap: 0px; --grid-row-gap: 0px; --grid-side-margin: 0px; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align-last: var(--alignment,inherit); text-align: var(--alignment,inherit); vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-grid" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: calc(-1 * var(--grid-row-gap)); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 282.427px; word-spacing: var(--grid-column-gap);"><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #3b5998; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-facebook" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span></div></div><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1da1f2; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #1da1f2; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-twitter" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span></div></div><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #25d366; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #25d366; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-whatsapp" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span></div></div><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2ca5e0; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #2ca5e0; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-telegram" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Brands"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span></div></div><div class="elementor-grid-item" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--grid-row-gap); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ea4335; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-size: calc(9.5px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 4.5em; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: filter, background-color, border-color, -webkit-filter; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="0"><span class="elementor-share-btn__icon" style="--e-share-buttons-icon-size: 2em; -webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; align-self: stretch; background-color: #ea4335; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-color,#fff); display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: color, background-color; vertical-align: baseline; width: 4.5em;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-envelope" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "Font Awesome 5 Free"; font-size: var(--e-share-buttons-icon-size,1.7em); font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span><span class="elementor-screen-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -10000em; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b0e56e7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="b0e56e7" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); order: var(--order); position: relative;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9c2ee5" data-element_type="column" data-id="e9c2ee5" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: flex-start; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2103b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template" data-element_type="widget" data-id="2103b80" data-widget_type="template.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-template" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor elementor-7288 elementor-location-single" data-elementor-id="7288" data-elementor-type="section" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; hyphens: manual; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fdc7be1 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle" data-element_type="section" data-id="fdc7be1" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); background-image: url("https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/anunci-num5.jpg"); background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; order: var(--order); position: relative; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default" style="-webkit-box-align: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; min-height: 470px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14c3fd0" data-element_type="column" data-id="14c3fd0" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4516c3f elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-element_type="widget" data-id="4516c3f" data-widget_type="button.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 25.2604px 0px 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper" style="-webkit-box-pack: center; background-color: white; border-radius: 60px; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; fill: var( --e-global-color-2534b57e ); font-family: "work sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; justify-content: center; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; text-transform: uppercase; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><span class="elementor-button-text" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: 11; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; order: 10; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item elementor-item-anchor menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/revista/#consell-editorial" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: inline !important; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Consell editorial</a></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></main></div></div></div><div class="elementor elementor-717 elementor-location-footer" data-elementor-id="717" data-elementor-type="footer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; hyphens: manual; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657fe350 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="657fe350" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); background-color: white; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px -2px 8px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); order: var(--order); padding: 20px 0px 0px; position: relative; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1760px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fabb019" data-element_type="column" data-id="fabb019" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1263.33px;"><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-51785cd9 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="51785cd9" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; order: var(--order); padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1300px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3dd6d8" data-element_type="column" data-id="e3dd6d8" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-34172d0 elementor-nav-menu__align-justify elementor-nav-menu__text-align-center elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu" data-element_type="widget" data-id="34172d0" data-settings="{"submenu_icon":{"value":"<i class=\"\"><\/i>","library":""},"layout":"horizontal"}" data-widget_type="nav-menu.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --e-nav-menu-divider-color: var( --e-global-color-text ); --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1223.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px -13px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><nav class="elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-none" migrated="0" migration_allowed="1" role="navigation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex;"><ul class="elementor-nav-menu" data-smartmenus-id="1649619452672142" id="menu-1-34172d0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1236.33px; z-index: 2;"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-723" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item elementor-item-anchor menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/subscripcio/#tarifes" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Subscriure-m’hi</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-743" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item elementor-item-anchor menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/subscripcio/#faqs" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Faqs</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7844" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/botiga-catarsi/" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Botiga</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2451" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/publicitat/" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Anunciar-se</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2452" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/contacte/" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Contacte</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-986" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/congres/" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-end: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Congrés</a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-22338" style="-webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="elementor-item menu-link" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/donar-se-de-baixa/" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #898989; display: flex; fill: rgb(137, 137, 137); flex-grow: 1; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-inline-start: var(--e-nav-menu-horizontal-menu-item-margin); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 3px 29px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;">Donar-me de baixa</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3cc6cab0 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="3cc6cab0" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); order: var(--order); position: relative; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-13ee574c" data-element_type="column" data-id="13ee574c" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-22b1cf5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-element_type="widget" data-id="22b1cf5" data-widget_type="divider.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --divider-border-style: solid; --divider-border-width: 1px; --divider-color: #e8e8e8; --divider-element-spacing: 10px; --divider-icon-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-height: 24px; --divider-pattern-repeat: repeat-x; --divider-pattern-size: 20px; --divider-pattern-url: none; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1223.33px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-divider" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="elementor-divider-separator" style="border-bottom: 0px; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1223.33px;"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7405175 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-element_type="section" data-id="7405175" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: 0px; order: var(--order); padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 1243.33px;"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a73d005" data-element_type="column" data-id="a73d005" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 414.438px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 414.438px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4c37a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-element_type="widget" data-id="4c37a65" data-widget_type="image.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 394.438px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="attachment-medium size-medium lazy" data-src="https://catarsimagazin.cat/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/gene.png" height="63" loading="lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20272%2063'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="border-radius: 0px; border: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 170px;" width="272" /></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a47e9c" data-element_type="column" data-id="5a47e9c" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 414.438px;"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated" style="align-content: space-around; align-items: center; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 16.5729px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 414.438px;"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6021d08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-element_type="widget" data-id="6021d08" data-widget_type="text-editor.default" style="--align-content: initial; --align-items: initial; --align-self: initial; --flex-basis: initial; --flex-direction: initial; --flex-grow: initial; --flex-shrink: initial; --flex-wrap: initial; --gap: initial; --justify-content: initial; --order: initial; -webkit-box-align: var(--align-items); -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-flex: var(--flex-grow); -webkit-box-ordinal-group: var(--order); -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: var(--justify-content); align-content: var(--align-content); align-items: var(--align-items); align-self: var(--align-self); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var( --e-global-color-text ); flex-basis: var(--flex-basis); flex-direction: var(--flex-direction); flex-grow: var(--flex-grow); flex-shrink: var(--flex-shrink); flex-wrap: var(--flex-wrap); font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; gap: var(--gap); justify-content: var(--justify-content); line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; order: var(--order); outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 414.438px;"><div class="elementor-widget-container" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: background 0.3s ease 0s, border 0.3s ease 0s, border-radius 0.3s ease 0s, box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.3s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/condicions-generals-contractacio/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Condicions contractació</a> – <a href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/avis-legal-politica-privacitat/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Política privacitat i avís legal</a> – <a href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/politica-cookies/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; 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El present article és la primera part d'una sèrie d'almenys tres treballs sobre l'actual debat entre les teories del decreixement i l’acceleracionisme. Totes dues propostes teòriques han estat abraçades per diversos sectors de l'esquerra europea, amb les quals intenten respondre a la crisi civilitzatoria dels nostres dies, transversalitzada per desastres ecològics, pandèmics, econòmics, etc. El problema és que cada teoria resulta antitètica per a l'altra.

Mentre el decreixement planteja disminuir el ritme econòmic de la societat capitalista, l’acceleracionisme proposa incrementar-lo més enllà dels límits que el capital imposa a les forces productives. No obstant això, i per tal de contextualitzar, en aquest primer lliurament em concentraré en exposar breument els orígens de cada teoria, així com algunes claus sobre els seus principis i les propostes desenvolupades en l’actualitat.

Orígens del concepte decreixement

El concepte de decreixement sorgeix com a resposta a importants evidències científiques sobre l’imminent col·lapse ambiental previst per al segle XXI. A la segona meitat del segle passat, el Club de Roma va comissionar un estudi realitzat per un equip de recerca científica de l’Institut de Tecnologia de Massachusetts, amb la finalitat de determinar la relació del sistema econòmic amb els recursos finits del planeta i el seu impacte sobre el medi ambient. El resultat, producte dels més sofisticats models computacionals de l’època, va veure llum el 1972 mitjançant l’informe titulat «Els límits del creixement», va ser contundent: de mantenir-se l’actual taxa de creixement econòmic utilitzant els finits recursos naturals, en alguna de les dècades del segle següent es produiria un col·lapse ambiental.

És en aquest context que se li atribueix al filòsof francès André Gorz el terme Décroissance, encunyat el mateix any de la publicació de l’informe del club de Roma, en el marc d’un cicle de conferències realitzat a París per a afrontar la problemàtica ecològica global producte del creixement econòmic. (Ruiz Marrero, 2013). No obstant això, hi ha qui atribueix el concepte a la traducció francesa de l’obra «La llei de l’entropia» (1979) de l’ecologista romanès Georgescu Roegen, (Latouche, Harpagés, 2011). En qualsevol cas, el concepte apareix originalment al cercle de la naixent economia ecològica francesa, a la segona meitat del segle XX, com a alternativa davant l’escenari mediambiental de l’època i el vaticinat per a la nostra. No obstant això, no serà fins a inicis de la dècada dels dos mil que es construirà un projecte polític col·lectiu sota aquest concepte, amb la creació del Moviment pel Decreixement. A partir d’aquest moment, el terme serà emprat sense problema per ecologistes anticapitalistes, no sols francesos, sinó de tota Europa. La teoria del decreixement ha estat des de llavors un aspecte central en la crítica ecològica d’esquerres a Europa des de finals dels noranta, representada per importants intel·lectuals eco-crítics que s’han convertit en autors clàssics sobre el tema, com el francès Serge Latouche o els espanyols Martinez Alier i Carlos Taibo.

Orígens del concepte «acceleracionisme»

Per la seva banda, el terme acceleracionisme apareix el 1967 quan l’escriptor nord-americà Roger Zelazny, a la seva novel·la «El senyor de la llum» crida «aceleracionistes» a un grup de revolucionaris que volen portar a la societat a un desenvolupament superior a partir d’avançades tecnologies. No obstant això, el seu ús pròpiament polític sorgeix amb la recepció anglesa de l’obra «L’Anti-Œdipe», dels filòsofs francesos Deleuze i Guattari, per part d’un grup d’intel·lectuals de la universitat de Warwick que es pren molt seriosament la idea segons la qual la superació del capitalisme ha d’«anar encara més lluny (…) en el moviment del mercat (…) per a accelerar el procés» (Deleuze i Guattari, 1972). Aquesta recepció no sorgeix fins a la dècada dels noranta mitjançant les aportacions, entre d’altres, del filòsof Nick Land, un dels grans referents de l’acceleracionisme, encara que en la seva versió dretana.

L’acceleracionisme d’esquerres, tal com se’l coneix avui dia, neix l’any 2013 amb el Manifest acceleracionista dels acadèmics anglesos Nick Srnicek i Alex Williams. En aquest treball es produeix una ruptura amb l’acceleracionisme reaccionari de Nick Land i la seva teoria capitalista de la velocitat. El reconeixement del Manifest com a fundador de l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres en la seva ruptura amb el de dretes és pràcticament un consens entre els acceleracionistes anglesos. De fet, Mackay (2014) afirma que: «el que ha tingut lloc és una ruptura entre aquest aceleracionisme de dretes [el de Land] i l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres de Srnicek i Williams». Dos anys més tard de la publicació del Manifest aceleracionista els autors aprofundeixen i amplien les seves tesis al llibre «Inventar el futur: post-capitalisme i un món sense treball», al qual abandonen el terme acceleracionisme, probablement per a no ser interpretats des de la tradició neoliberal d’aquest concepte. Finalment cal esmentar el famós Comunisme de Luxe totalment Automatitzat (FALC, per les seves sigles en anglès), de l’escriptor britànic Aaron Bastani, que abans que un simple llibre, s’ha convertit en una proposta despersonalitzada i que han abraçat una multiplicitat d’ acceleracionistes actuals. Així queda fundat l’acceleracionisme d’esquerres, sobre el qual s’alcen les aportacions contemporànies a Europa.

Havent revisat succintament els orígens de totes dues teories, m’atreveixo a dir que existeix una percepció generalitzada que considera el decreixement com una teoria legítimament d’esquerres, mentre que l’acceleracionisme encara es disputa aquesta legitimitat en el camp de la política. D’acord amb els seus antecedents no és molt difícil endevinar el perquè d’aquesta percepció. Mentre el decreixement sorgeix com a alternativa al creixement del capital sobre la base dels recursos finits del planeta, l’acceleracionisme oscil·la entre la imaginació ficticia de l’ús social de la ciència per una banda, i la recepció anglesa, típicament pragmàtica, de teories post-marxistes per l’altra. Mentre la primera sembla respondre a un problema material, la segona es presenta com una aposta teòrica. Tanmateix, això no evita que totes dues teories s’enfrontin a Europa com dues alternatives que s’oposen al mode de producció capitalista.

A continuació intentaré resumir algunes consideracions generals al voltant dels principis i propostes generals de cada teoria, que obriran el camí per a comprendre el debat.

Principis i propostes del decreixement

Bàsicament, el decreixement defensa la idea que s’ha de reduir la producció i el consum fins a nivells que assegurin la supervivència de la vida humana al planeta. Per a això és condició necessària oposar-se a les idees dominants de desenvolupament i de creixement pròpies del capitalisme. El decreixement és, al cap i a la fi, l’antítesi del creixement econòmic. Per això diu el teòric espanyol Carlos Taibo (2019) que «si pertot arreu se’ns diu que, en el terreny de l’economia, hem de créixer –amb resultats majoritàriament nefastos–, nosaltres ens inclinem orgullosament per reivindicar, de manera franca, el contrari». No obstant això, des del decreixement s’aclareix que, «no es tracta, clar, de portar a zero els nivells de producció i de consum», sinó de «restaurar els equilibris amb el medi natural que la industrialització, la urbanització i el colonialisme han trencat» (Taibo, 2019). És a dir, es tracta de recompondre el metabolisme ésser humà-naturalesa fracturat per la indústria capitalista. Pot semblar que la teoria del decreixement es constitueix principalment per l’aspecte ecològic de la crítica. No obstant això, no és necessàriament així, almenys en els últims anys. En la proposta actual del decreixement destaca, sobretot, una reivindicació de la vida social front la mena de vida obstinadament marcada per la productivitat, la competitivitat i l’hiper-consum. Sobre la base d’aquesta proposta coincideix la més variada pluralitat d’interessos socioeconòmics, polítics, acadèmics i fins i tot personals. Així ho afirmen els autors d’un dels llibres recopilatoris més complets, variats i amplis sobre aquest tema: «Decreixement: un vocabulari per a una nova era», on els seus autors asseguren que al decreixement s’hi poden acostar des dels que lluiten contra el productivisme desenfrenat, passant pels que busquen alternatives a un col·lapse econòmic, fins a aquells als qui el concepte els resulta coherent amb la seva forma de vida (D’Allisa, et al, 2018). A més, tal com revelen les col·laboracions que composen el cos del text, a diferència dels anys inicials del moviment decreixentista, conformat pràcticament per l’ecologisme europeu, als nostres dies conflueixen diverses disciplines teòriques i militants de tot el món, incloent Amèrica Llatina, entre les quals es compten, entre d’altres, el marxisme i el neo-marxisme, l’economia ecològica, el cooperativisme, l’antiutilitarisme, etc.

Les principals propostes del decreixement poden sintetitzar-se en els següents punts:

La primacia de la vida social contra el ritme frenètic de l’híper-consum, la producció i la competència.
Reducció de la jornada laboral
L’oci creatiu enfront de l’oci vinculat amb el consum i els diners
Reducció de la mida de les infraestructures de transport, productives i administratives
La recuperació d’experiències locals, enfront de la lògica de la globalització.
Creació d’una Renda Bàsica Universal

Principis i propostes de l’acceleracionisme

L’acceleracionisme parteix de la premissa que la tecnologia, la ciència i les forces productives en general no són productes irremeiablement lligats al capitalisme. No és aquest mode de producció l’absolut responsable del seu desenvolupament. Ans al contrari, «el capitalisme ha començat a reprimir les forces productives de la tecnologia o, almenys, a dirigir-les cap a fins absurdament limitats» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013). Del que es tractaria llavors és d’accelerar el desenvolupament tecnològic més enllà dels límits que ha imposat la lògica del capital. En altres paraules, el desenvolupament tecnològic tan sols és possible fora del marc capitalista, perquè dins d’ell ja està reprimit i subjecte als seus fins predeterminats. És per això que «els aceleracionistes volen alliberar les forces productives latents» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013) i reorientar-les cap a objectius post-capitalistes. El caràcter global, expansiu i hegemònic del capitalisme contemporani exigeix que l’esquerra ambicioni estratègies hegemòniques i planetàries per a poder ser una alternativa post-capitalista. Per a això és condició necessària l’ús de la plataforma tecnològica i científica del neoliberalisme. És per això que per a l’acceleracionisme «la base material del neoliberalisme no necessita ser destruïda, necessita ser transformada» (Srnicek, Williams, 2013). L’acceleracionisme considera que la fi del treball assalariat no es produirà des de les resistències obreres a les fàbriques, tal com ha sostingut el paradigma socialista fins al moment. Més aviat, la fi del treball ha d’aconseguir-se accelerant la tendència actualment irreversible: l’automatització i robotització del món del treball, però amb el plus qualitatiu d’estar reorientada per una consciència teleològica post-capitalista.

Aquesta premissa suposa una crítica d’entrada de l’acceleracionisme a tota l’esquerra tradicional, el funcionament de la qual segueix estant sota el paradigma del que Srnicek i Williams anomenen polítiques folk: accions immediates, merament reactives, d’abast estrictament local i incapaces de transformar el capitalisme (Srnicek, Williams, 2015). Si la dominació i efectes del capitalisme contemporani són abstractes i desterritorialitzats, no se’ls pot transformar amb accions immediates i localitzades, sinó amb respostes sistèmiques i abstractes. Per això, l’esquerra contemporània està destinada a fracassar en la seva lluita anticapitalista. En aquest sentit, per a l’acceleracionisme els programes polítics del socialisme del segle XX i el que va del XXI han estat incapaços de superar el capitalisme perquè han eludit l’exigència acceleracionista de l’ús de la tecnologia per a fins post-capitalistes. Sobre la base d’aquest argument, es funda la proposta d’un «Comunisme de Luxe Totalment Automatitzat». Aquest projecte només és possible si l’esquerra recupera el seu impuls utòpic d’avançar prospectivament cap a una societat sense treball en maximitzar la robotització plena de totes les àrees productives de la societat. Per a això és necessari que l’esquerra capitalitzi el desenvolupament tecnològic, actualment en mans del capital, i el reorienti cap a la satisfacció plena de totes les necessitats socials. El comunisme, llavors, no arribarà aguditzant les contradiccions socials, sinó accelerant la tendència potencial i actual de la tecnologia en funció del bé comú.

Segons el programa acceleracionista que Srnicek i Williams presenten al seu llibre «Inventar el futur», i que subscriuen altres sectors d’aquest corrent, les propostes concretes de l’acceleracionisme es poden resumir en quatre punts:

Automatització plena
Reducció de la setmana laboral
Provisió d’un ingrés únic mínim
Desmantellament de l’ètica del treball

El decreixement i l’acceleracionisme són teories que s’oposen naturalment, segons els seus principis. Als fonaments del decreixement es pressuposa una discussió no explícita amb els principis acceleracionistes, i viceversa. No obstant això, durant els últims anys, caracteritzats per un pertorbador escenari ecocrític i pandèmic, els desacords tàcits s’han tornat cada vegada més explícits, fins a convertir-se en un dels eixos centrals del debat dins de diversos sectors de l’esquerra europea. En la següent part d’aquest treball, em dedicaré a rastrejar la situació actual d’aquest debat, els seus principals punts de discussió, així com els intents de complementació que, pel que sembla, és possible si es tenen en compte alguns dels punts de les propostes de totes dues teories.

Referències bibliogràfiques

Ruiz Marrero (2013), Los límites del crecimiento, ayer y hoy

Latouche, S y Harpagés (2011), La hora del decrecimiento, Octaedro, Barcelona.

Srnicek, N., Williams, A (2013) Manifiesto por una política aceleracionista (PDF)

Srnicek, N., Williams, A (2015), Inventar el futuro: postcapitalismo y un mundo sin trabajo, Malpaso, Barcelona.

Mackay (2014), El vértigo aceleracionista (entrevista)

Taibo, C. (2019) El decrecimiento explicado con sencillez, Catarata, Madrid.

D’Alisa, et al (2018), Decrecimiento: un vocabulario para la nueva era, Icaria, Heinrich, México.